Prof Geogr 55:343–355ĭvorak B, Volder A (2010) Green roof vegetation for North American ecoregions: a literature review. doi: 10.1002/joc.3947ĭiem JE, Brown DP (2003) Anthropogenic impacts on summer precipitation in central Arizona, USA. Int J Climatol 31:273–288Ĭhow WT, Volo TJ, Vivoni ER, Jenerette GD, Ruddell BL (2014) Seasonal dynamics of a suburban energy balance in Phoenix, Arizona. In: Fifth symposium on the urban environment, Vancouver, Canada, 23–27 August 2004Ĭhen F, Kusaka H, Bornstein R, Ching J, Grimmond CSB, Grossman-Clarke S, Loridan T, Manning KW, Martilli A, Miao SG, Sailor D, Salamanca FP, Taha H, Tewari M, Wang XM, Wyszogrodzki AA, Zhang CL (2011) The integrated WRF/urban modelling system: development, evaluation, and applications to urban environmental problems. Mon Weather Rev 129:569–585Ĭhen F, Kusaka H, Tewari M, Bao JW, Hirakuchi H (2004) Utilizing the coupled WRF/LSM/Urban modeling system with detailed urban classification to simulate the urban heat island phenomena over the Greater Houston area. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity. Int J Climatol 32:137–152Ĭhen F, Dudhia J (2001) Coupling an advanced land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system. Water Resour Res 48:W04510īergeron O, Strachan IB (2012) Wintertime radiation and energy budget along an urbanization gradient in Montreal, Canada. Int J Climatol 23:1–26īateni SM, Entekhabi D (2012) Relative efficiency of land surface energy balance components. Simulations show that green roofs are capable of reducing surface temperature and sensible heat flux as well as enhancing building energy efficiency.Īrnfield AJ (2003) Two decades of urban climate research: a review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. In particular, to evaluate the performance of green roofs as an urban heat island mitigation strategy, we integrate in the urban canopy model a multilayer green roof system, enabled by the physical urban hydrological schemes. The new WRF–urban modelling system is evaluated against field measurements for four different cities results show that the model performance is substantially improved as compared to the current schemes, especially for latent heat flux. The new single-layer urban canopy model features the integration of, (1) anthropogenic latent heat, (2) urban irrigation, (3) evaporation from paved surfaces, and (4) the urban oasis effect. Here, we implement physically-based parametrizations of urban hydrological processes into the single layer urban canopy model in the WRF model. ![]() ![]() Most of these models are inadequate due to the lack of realistic representation of urban hydrological processes. In recent decades, a number of urban canopy models have been developed and implemented into the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to capture urban land-surface processes. Urbanization modifies surface energy and water budgets, and has significant impacts on local and regional hydroclimate.
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